One of the most common points of confusion for people planning to visit Canada is whether they need an Electronic Travel Authorization (eTA) or a Temporary Resident Visa (TRV). These are two entirely different documents, required for two different groups of travellers. Applying for the wrong one. or not knowing which one you need. can result in being denied boarding on your flight or turned away at the border.
This guide explains exactly who needs an eTA, who needs a TRV, and who needs neither.
The Quick Answer
| Who you are | What you need | Fee |
|---|---|---|
| US citizen | Nothing (valid passport sufficient) | No fee |
| Citizen of visa-exempt country (flying) | eTA | $7 CAD |
| Citizen of visa-exempt country (land/sea) | Valid passport only | No fee |
| US permanent resident (flying to Canada) | eTA + valid US green card | $7 CAD |
| Citizen of non-exempt country | TRV (visitor visa) | $100 CAD |
| Canadian citizen | Canadian passport (no visa or eTA) | No fee |
| Canadian permanent resident | PR card (or PRTD if outside Canada) | No fee |
What Is an eTA?
An Electronic Travel Authorization is a digital entry requirement linked to your passport. You apply online at canada.ca, pay $7 CAD, and in most cases receive approval within minutes. though IRCC advises allowing up to 72 hours before your flight. The eTA is valid for 5 years or until your passport expires, whichever comes first, and allows multiple entries to Canada.
The eTA is only required when flying. If you're entering Canada by land (driving from the US, for example) or by sea, visa-exempt travellers do not need an eTA. just a valid passport.
Visa-Exempt Countries (eTA Required for Air Travel)
Countries whose citizens are visa-exempt and need an eTA for air travel to Canada include, among others:
- United Kingdom
- Australia and New Zealand
- Most European Union member states
- Japan, South Korea, Singapore
- Israel, Chile, Brazil, Mexico (for flights. Mexico nationals need TRV for air travel as of 2024)
Note: Mexico's visa-exempt status for air travel was revoked in February 2024. Mexican nationals now need a TRV to fly to Canada, though they can still enter by land with a valid passport or US visa in most cases. Always check the current IRCC country list before travelling.
What Is a TRV?
A Temporary Resident Visa is a physical document (a sticker or stamp) placed in your passport by a Canadian visa office. It confirms that a visa officer has assessed your application and determined you may travel to Canada as a visitor. You must have it before boarding your flight. airlines will not let you board without it.
The TRV costs $100 CAD per person and is not refundable if refused. It typically requires more documentation than an eTA. proof of finances, ties to home country, travel history, and purpose of visit. Processing takes days to weeks depending on the country and visa office.
US Citizens: The Exception
Citizens of the United States do not need a TRV or an eTA to enter Canada. A valid US passport is all that's required. However:
- US permanent residents (green card holders) do need an eTA to fly to Canada. They do not need one to cross by land.
- Landing cards or CBSA declarations are still required at entry.
- US citizens can stay up to 6 months per visit as a general rule, though the border officer sets the exact period.
Common Mistakes
Applying for an eTA When You Need a TRV
Citizens of non-exempt countries sometimes apply for an eTA online, receive no response, and assume they're approved. The eTA system will reject applications from ineligible nationals. If you're from India, Pakistan, China, Philippines, or other non-exempt countries, you need a TRV. not an eTA.
Not Knowing Your eTA Is Linked to Your Passport
An eTA is tied to the specific passport you used when you applied. If you travel with a different passport (e.g., a renewed passport), your eTA is not valid. You'll need to apply for a new eTA linked to the new passport before travelling.
Assuming the eTA Guarantees Entry
An eTA. like a TRV. allows you to travel to Canada, but the border officer at the port of entry makes the final decision on whether you can enter and for how long. Having a valid eTA or TRV does not guarantee admission.
How to Apply for an eTA
Apply online at canada.ca/eTA. You'll need:
- A valid passport
- A valid credit or debit card to pay the $7 fee
- An email address
Most approvals come within minutes. In some cases, IRCC may ask for additional documents, which can take several days to weeks.
How to Apply for a TRV
Apply through your IRCC Secure Account at canada.ca. The process involves completing the IMM 5257 form online, uploading required documents, paying $100 CAD, and providing biometrics at a Visa Application Centre. See our full TRV application guide for step-by-step details.
If You're Unsure Which One You Need
Use the official IRCC "Find out if you need a visa" tool on canada.ca, or consult a licensed RCIC. Getting the wrong document is a costly mistake. particularly for the TRV, where the $100 fee is non-refundable and a refusal goes on your immigration record.
Not sure which document you need, or concerned about your eligibility? A licensed RCIC can assess your situation quickly.
Book a ConsultationHave questions about your visitor visa application? A licensed RCIC can review your situation and help you put together the strongest possible application.
Book a ConsultationThis article is for general information only and does not constitute immigration advice. Immigration rules change frequently. For advice specific to your situation, consult a licensed RCIC.